The Talmud— contains the rabbinic writings which debate how the law should be followed along with other philosophical and interpretive discussions.
During Bible times these rules, guidelines and discussions were passed down orally. They were written down after the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 AD, possibly as late as the 5th century. Spoken Hebrew (Paleo-Hebrew) had been in disuse and essentially extinct except for rituals within the Temple worship since the Greeks moved into and conquered the region in 332 BC. The language of the Talmud was a mixture of Aramaic and Hebrew as was spoken by the Hebrews in exile in Babylonia.
The Mishnah written version of Jewish oral traditions
The Gemara commentary and analysis of the Mishnah: 63 books
the Tanakh the first five books of the Bible — The Torah. Since the Torah refers to the books written by Moses, it should include Jubilees (also written by Moses), which was removed from the canon or, as some propose, was never considered inspired scripture. This is contradicted by the fact that Jesus and the apostles directly quote Jubilees. See: Jubilees. — where the case is made that Jubilees passes the tests for inspiration and should be included in the canon.
the Midrash “The Midrash halakha was the ancient Judaic rabbinic method of Torah study that expounded upon the traditionally received 613 Mitzvot (commandments) by identifying their sources in the Hebrew Bible, and by interpreting these passages as proofs of the laws’ authenticity.” [Wikipedia: Midrash halakha. January 16, 2026.] It also refers to new laws or applications due to interpretations of the Mishnah.
The Talmud contains things that might surprise you: